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Quartz

  Quartz   Quartz is hexagonal and commonly occurs as crystals ranging in size form microscopic to crystals weighing several tons. Where it crystallizes unhindered by other crystals, such as in cavities in rock or in a liquid containing few other crystals, it shows well-developed hexagonal prisms and sometimes showing apparent hexagonal pyramids or dipyramid. When it crystallizes in an environment where growth is inhibited by the surroundings, it rarely show crystal faces. It is also found as microcrystalline masses, such as in the rock chert, and as  fibrous masses, such as in chalcedony. Vitreous lusture.   As visible crystals, Quartz is one of the more common rock forming minerals. It occurs in siliceous igneous rocks such as volcanic rhyolite and plutonic granitic rocks. It is common in metamorphic rocks at all grades of metamorphism, and is the chief constituent of sand. Because it is highly resistant to chemical weathering, it is found in a wide variety of sedimentary r
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ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM (PART -1)

                                        FORMATION OF PETROLEUM BY THEORIES


                                                              FIGURE : 1.1 

PETROLEUM :

Petroleum is also said to be an rock oil , which is a most important mineral fuel which is a complex mixture of hydrocarbon which comprises some minor impurities of nitrogen , oxygen , sulfur .

 In other word liquid petrol is said as crude oil , petroleum gas is also known as natural gas

Semisolid to solid form of petroleum is asphalt , tar, pitch, bitumen , etc...

 The formation of petroleum comprises two theories they are :

  1.    INORGANIC THEORY
  2.   ORGANIC THEORY

INORGANIC THEORY :

Inorganic theory includes:-

  •       Brethelot’s alkaline carbide theory
  •       Mendelcef’s carbide theory
  •       Moissan’s carbide theory
  •       Cosmic theory
   Brethelot’s alkaline carbide theory :

               This theory explains that the carbon-di-oxide reacts with alkaline metal in the interior of the earth at high temperature , with the alkaline carbide ,it contact with water liberates acetylene through the process of polymerization and condensation to form petrol.  

 Mendelcef’s carbide theory  :

             In this theory the iron carbide on the earth gets contacted with percolating water and forms       acetylene.

            It escapes through fissure and also on the porous of rocks.

 Moissan’s carbide theory :

          Volcanic explosion which caused by the action of water and forms petroleum .

 Cosmic theory :

           In the product of petroleum resulting from the combination of carbon and hydrogen in the     cosmic mass during the consolidation of the earth.

 ORGANIC THEORY :

         This theory is proposed by  ENGLER , his theory is based on the destructive distillation of fish –   bulbber

          Petroleum is formed by a process of putrefaction of animal remains nitrogen (eliminates ) and     the  remained fats get converted into petroleum due to pressure and temperature .

 

VEGETABLE ORIGIN THEORY :

          Deposit of petroleum found in the sedimentary origin , which contain diatoms, seaweed, oil-     shale  of vegetable origin .

Ø  Oil and coal have a close relationship which represents both are formed by  vegetative origin.

Ø  The large amount of methane in the natural gas is produced by the decay of vegetative matters .

 ANIMAL ORIGIN THEORY :

        In the marine the dead animal gets settled and covered by the sediments by the process of   deposition and the microorganism in the sediments eats the dead matter and releases methane later   due to pressure and temperature the methane changes into petroleum and natural gas in the slope   region of marine .


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